![]() Most medieval manuscripts of the OT reflect a fairly standardized form of the Hebrew text. The comparison and careful listing of the variant readings thus uncovered is known as collation. Secondary sources include translations into other languages, quotations used by both protagonists and antagonists of biblical religion, and evidence from early printed texts. Manuscripts were usually written on animal skins, papyrus, or even metal. ![]() The primary sources are manuscripts (hand-written copies). The initial task is collection of all possible records of the biblical writings, since the originals (called autographs) no longer exist. The task of the textual critic is divided into four major stages: (1) collection and collation of the materials from existing manuscripts, translations, and quotations (2) development of theory and methodology that will enable the critic to use the gathered information to reconstruct the most accurate text of the biblical materials (3) reconstruction of the history of the transmission of the text in order to identify the various influences affecting the text (4) evaluation of specific variant readings in light of textual evidence, theology, and church history. Textual criticism is sometimes designated as lower criticism to distinguish it from higher criticism, which is analysis of the date, unity, and authorship of the biblical writings. Task of reconstructing the original text of the Bible with as great a degree of accuracy as the available materials permit, in the process of attempting to ascertain the original wording of the original text. ![]() For those wanting to dig deeper, the footnotes have additional information, and for those wanting an intermediate look at some things, there are articles linked throughout that go into greater detail on specific things. NOTE: This article is a good overview of the basics of New Testament Textual Studies for both the Old and New Testaments. ![]()
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